oriental turkish rug manufacturer

History

The origin of the handmade rug begins, by one theory, in the nomadic tribes of Central Asia. The theory is that the nomads were unwilling to kill valuable livestock (to make floor coverings from their hides) so they used sheep, goat or camel hair to create textiles with hair like pile that mimicked animal hide. Others argue that artistic expression like that shown in early rugs could only be developed in a prosperous settled environment. How ever the handmade rug came into being, it has flourished since then as a decorative art form and a practical home furnishing.

Early mention of rugs, or an early form of them, is found in the play "Agamemnon", written around 500 BC, were Clytemnestra spreads out fine carpets for her homecoming husband. Unwilling to walk on them he said:

"Great the extravagance, and great the shame I feel, to spoil such treasures and such a silver's worth of webs"

The earliest physical evidence of the history of rug making is the Pazyryk carpet. The rug was discovered in 1949 in a royal tomb in Siberia. The rug had been frozen in perma frost which allowed it to survive to the present day. The Pazyryk rug is remarkable for it's age and its craftsmanship. It was made in a style of knotting still used today with a delicacy of the design that indicates a craftsman from a long tradition of weavers.

Another remarkable rug of antiquity is the Spring Carpet of Chosroes. According to legend when the Persian King Chosroes I defeated the Romans in the conquest of southern Arabia this rug was woven in commemoration of the event. The rug lasted longer than his success, as the Muslims conquered the Persians shortly thereafter in 641. The rug was described as weighing several tons and measuring 400 feet by 100 feet. Inlaid with precious gems and gold thread, the design was interlaced with paths which it is said the king used to stroll along to admire the scenes.

With the advent of Islam in the 7th century carpet weaving had been developing for over two thousand years. Under Islamic rule it would continue to flourish and branch out into ever evolving styles and artistic expressions. As the lands under Muslim control expanded, the unified Islamic rule fostered an environment of peace and prosperity were the arts and learning could flourish.

Rug Making reached perhaps its highest form during the reign of the Safavid dynasty, in Persia, during the 16th an 17th centuries. One of the most famous of all Persian carpets is the Ardebil dating from this period. The Ardebil was one of a pair which came to England in 1893. The poor condition of the rugs was remedied by using the one rug to repair the other. It now resides in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London as a stunning example of the work of that era.

Function

In the Middle East carpet making was traditionally a home industry where individuals would make rugs for their own use and in their spare time make extras to sell at a later date or use as payment for other goods or services. Carpets were readily accepted for payment of dowries, to buy livestock or to pay off taxes. To this day the Iranian Inland Revenue will accept payment in rugs, since they are easily sold for cash and increase in value over time.

In contrast Chinese handmade rugs were essentially ornamental, for those of high stature and wealth who could afford to purchases them or have them made. Chinese designs differed as well in that they were largely symbolic, influenced by Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian thought. Whereas the Middle Eastern tradition was heavily influenced by Islamic thought resulting in geometric and arabesque motifs.

Indian rug making was even less functional than Chinese, in that rugs were almost exclusively for the the Mogul rulers and did not penetrate into the daily live of the common people.

East Meets West

With the advent of the Crusades Europeans, through the acquisitions of the crusaders, were introduced to the rugs of the Middle East. Their fascination with them led to a great demand in wealthy homes as status symbols. The appeal of these rugs is testified to in their increasing appearance in European art. So much so that the repeated appearance of a type of Turkish carpet in the paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) resulted in the style becoming popularly know as a "Holbein". In European representations the rug was clearly a mark of status and wealth. At that time they were tremendously expensive and accordingly very rare.

In France the purchase of these rugs was so heavy that the flow of wealth out of France affected the economy. So much so that in 1608 Henry IV took it upon himself to start a carpet factory in his palace at the Louvre to create rugs for the French market, to keep wealth within France's economy. Unfortunately for his plan the resulting rugs, made in the Oriental method but with French motifs, so pleased him that he reserved them for royal use and they never made it to his subjects. His successor Louis XIII started an outside workshop to create these "French Orientals" which came to be known as "Savonneries" (after the old soap factory they were produced in) and were Europe's first original carpet designs. The French designs had some success but the Middle Eastern rugs were still the preferred choice.

The continuing demand spurred entrepreneurs to journey into the producing lands to commission the making of rugs for the European market. In this commissioning process European designs, with pastel colors and sweeping floral designs, replaced the bold colors and sharp geometrical designs that were the traditional venue of the Oriental rugs produced in the Middle East. Some Europeans even had their coat of arms or or national symbols woven in. It was at this point, when demand effected design, that rug weaving had truly become an industry as we know it today.

This large scale production slowed in the eighteenth century to rise again in the 19th with the advent of the Victorian era. But this time the bold colors and designs of the traditional weavers was what was desired to compliment the dark heavy style of Victorian furnishings.

At this time workshops began to be created where weavers worked on a weekly bases to be paid not by the rug, but for time worked. Thus the industry shifted gears from one of a strictly cottage industry to a commercial one.

Entrepreneurs rushed to purchase rugs for The European market and no attempt was made to catalogue the rugs, where they came from, and by whom they were made. They came to be categorized by similarity of design features or the whatever limited information was available on the original rug. Thus today place names given to rugs like "Persian" or "Turkish" may actually have no relevance to the rugs actual origin or maker.

Our fascination with handmade Oriental rugs continues to this day with many fine rugs available from reputable dealers. The key to purchasing a good Oriental rug is to be well educated on the subject and know what you are looking for and how much you are willing to spend.

The weaver designs his rug to be a work of art to cherish and you too should choose a rug that appeals to you so that it is more than just an investment but a deep expression of artistic appreciation.

HEAD OFFICE: A. Nazif Gürman mh. Keresteciler sitesi No:21 MERTER-ISTANBUL-TURKEY

TEL:+90-212-5544999 FAX: +90-212-5547825 EMAIL: info@oriental-rug-manufacturer.com

History

Due to her geographic location, Istanbul has always been a settlement area from early ages onwards. And besides connecting the two continents, Europe and Asia, Istanbul has become a center where various cultures and religions are combined, surrived and succeeded each other.

Istanbul of the day conforms the definition of a great city, not only with her population and the area she covers but also with the variety of cultures and ways of living. This cultural structure which enables a good number of elements that contradict with each other and yet exist together even one in another, is the produce of an accumulation of about one thousand years. Although first settlements in Istanbul were observed in prehistoric periods, continual settlements, however, have started in the colonial period. Foundations of Istanbul of our days were laid during recent periods of the Roman Empire. Byzantium and Ottoman periods are the most significant stages in the history of Istanbul. In both of these periods, Istanbul has preserved her features of being a political and religious center and has become the religious center of both, the Christianity and the Islam. Therefore, she was ornamented with many great monuments with different functions belonging to these
two religions. Although Ankara was elected to be the capital during the Republic period, Istanbul conserved her characteristic of being the cultural capital.

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First settlements forming the nucleus of today's city were realized by Megarians in the 7th century BC. They run away from Greece invaded by Dors, crossed the Sea of Marmara in BC 680 and settled in the city they established with the name Chalcedon on the Cape of Moda in Kadiköy and engaged in agriculture. Another branch of Megarians settled down in the vicinity of Sarayburnu under the leadership of Byzas (Point of Seraglio) in 660 BC. They named this place Byzantion. They engaged in Commerce. This area was seized by Persians in 513 BC, then by Spartians in 405 BC and by Antigers, one of the commanders of Alexander the Great, in 318 BC. And completely attached to Rome in 74 BC. It was within the boundries of BithyniaPontus State of Rome in 73 AD. In 330, Constantine I, Emperor of Rome, proclaimed the city as the capital. And the name Byzantion was converted to Constantinopolis. Then, with adoption of christianity, she became the most important culture and art center of christianity throughout the medieval age. Later on she became the political and economic center (395). After partition of Roman Empire in two parts, she became the capital of the East Roman Empire (Byzantium Empire). New sections formed as a result of growth in the population of the town. Subjected to the aggression of the Huns in 440. During the periods of Anastasios I (491-518) and Justinianos I (527-565), she became the scene of civil wars and uprisals. Sycae which gained importance in the period of Justinianos I, was connected to the city with a bridge over the Golden Horn. The town was attacked by Sassanians and Avars in 7th century, by Bulgarians and Ârabs in 8th century and by Russians and Bulgarians in 9th century, but they could not capture the town. Crusaders attacked and captured the town in 1204. Damaged it immensly. Town was the capital of the Latin Empire till 1261. New trade relations emerged due to crusades. Town started collapsing more and more. Ottomans sieged the town first in the periods of Beyazid I (13891402) and Murat II (1422). Mehmet II added the town to the lands of Ottoman Empire in 1453. Capital of the Ottoman Empire, was moved from Adrianople to Constantinopolis. The city became the Capital of Caliphate in Selim I's period (1517). Name of the town after some changes became Istanbul. Fires and earthquakes damaged the town to a great extent, during Balkan war which started in 1912 with dethronment of Abdülhamit II and World War I, the town was occupied and damaged immensely. After establishment of TBMM (Great National Assembly of Turkey) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, Mehmet VI the last Ottoman Sultan left the town. The town then was placed under the control of the TBMM Government and liberated from occupation (6 October 1923). Then it became the culture and art center of the republican period, which has been maintained upto date.

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ORIENTAL TURKISH RUG MANUFACTURER