BUGRA - "The center of hand knotted oriental wool rugs in Turkey."

ORIENTAL WOOL RUG WEAVERS - TURKEY

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The History of Silk Rugs
Silk has been an uncommonly used material for rugs for centuries. There are exisiting examples of spectacular silk rugs from the 16th century - The Vienna Hunting Carpet available for your inspection at the Osterreichisches Museum fur angeqandte Kunst, Vienna.

During different periods, the quality of the silk rugs has varied. In 1601, Sigismund III (Sigismund Vasa), King of Poland, sent the Armenian merchant Muratovitz to Kashan to supervise the work on rugs ordered there. Rugs of this type were probably intended for Europe from the very first; this circumstance, the widespread use of cotton for warp and weft, the low number of knots - approximately 190 to 250 per sq. in., compared poorly with between 550 and 750 per sq. in., and the lavish use of gold and silver brocading in the pure silk carpets of the sixteenth century .
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Today silk rugs have been attributed to the main carpet centers in the nineteenth century - many of which have been producing rugs for centuries. The principle areas are: Northwest Persia - Tabriz, Central Persia - Kashan, Isfahan, Joshagan, Southern Persia - Kerman, and Eastern Persia - Herat. The main exception to this is rugs produced under the direction of The Court - which cannot be correctly attributed to any city.

The city in which the Shah resided has not had a substantial effect on the quality of the production, they were able to move the workshops to different areas easily. The Shah's residence - Tabriz - was occupied three different times in 1514, 1533, and 1548-up to the first Turkish occupation , and again at intervals in the sixteenth century. However, Shah Tahmasp resided at Kazvin; Shah Abbas the Great chose Isfahan. I can't imagine they had much difficulty moving their workrooms when they opted for these changes.

It is known from the reports of early travelers that Isfahan had royal carpet workshops in the vicinity of the palace. If you check back to In the beginning.... read about Tabriz, Ispahan, and the Safavids and you'll get a clearer understanding of the relationship between the Shah, the designers, and the carpet-masters as they impacted the production of great rugs.

This ease of movement of the Court Workshops is why the attribution to a city in the 15th,16th, and 17th centuries is not that important. The Court commissioned the finest rugs, and made them in the patterns they liked, wherever the patterns were from. This is the reason, in museums, you'll see great rugs attributed to "Court Production".

Another interesting note regarding court manufacturing practices, is the fact the contracts read "The hands that start the rug, must finish the rug." People can tie knots differently - a little more or less tension, slightly different angle, etc. The Court wanted almost perfection - which excluded 2 people from working on 1 rug. Also, because religious customs dictated that only Allah was perfect, they would weave 1 obvious error into each rug.

As I keep telling my kids, the reason it is important to understand history, is because it permits you to more fully understand and appreciate where you are today. It also gives you a greater appreciation of the object if you know what was occurring when object you are viewing was produced. Whenever I look at some great, antique rugs, I get visions of nomads, dynasties, and of everyday people living their lives as the rug was being produced. It certainly adds to my enjoyment of the piece.

I hope by learning about the history of rugs, that you can purchase a modern rug, or an antique, and have the same understanding of what the rug symbolizes as I have. To me it's like time travel - for an instant or two - until I'm shaken back to reality by my kids fighting over the TV show they want to watch.

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HEAD OFFICE: A. Nazif Gürman mh. Keresteciler sitesi No:21 MERTER-ISTANBUL-TURKEY

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FACTORY: Bozanönü Köyü Yolu Üzeri DSİ arkası ISPARTA- TURKEY

SOME BEAUTY FROM TURKEY

Historical Buildings

Due to her geographical location, Istanbul has always been a settlement area from prehistorical times to present days. The city bears the characteristic of being capital city of two Great Empires like Byzantium and Ottoman. Therefore, she is one of the few cities which hold diverse cultures rich from the standpoint of historical values. Prehistorical settlements in Istanbul start with the Chalcolithic period. However,the Paleolithic culture has been rendered in the Yarimburgaz Cave of Kucukcekmece. In Kadikoy (Chalcedon) there are remains of buildings from Phoenicians. Also, remains of the walls of the town called Lygos (5500-3500 BC) were found. Stratification in the caves were found in excavations made in the name of Turkish History Association. On the top, Byzantium settlement and on the main rock layer Paleolithic settlement in between chalcolithic settlement phases were determined. Also during Fikirtepe excavations, findings from chalcolithic period were rendered. Architecture of pendik mound is not known sufficiently.

Place of Istanbul in tourism

Istanbul, with her natural beauties and rich history, is a town with high local and international tourism potential, and from this view point one of the most attractive towns of the world. Besides her natural beauties, Istanbul has a lot of historical works remaining from the Byzantium and Ottoman periods.Especially the trio of Topkapi Palace, St Sophia Museum located in Sultanahmet Section and the Kariye Museum are the places which attract the utmost interest of foreign tourists. 870,000 persons have visited the Topkapi Palace in 1997. Number of persons visited the St Sophia Museum during the same period is 650,000. Touristic significance of mosques such as Sultanahmet (Blue Mosque), Süleymaniye and magnificient palaces, fountains, tombs, founded charities (such as roads, public water distribution points), Turkish baths; historical structures like churches, cisterns, walls etc. remaining from Byzantium period is great.

Istanbul is also important as a shopping center for foreign tourists. In this relation, historical and economic values of the Covered Bazaar is significant. On daily basis, approximately 7,000 tourists visit this market which has a surface area of 47,600 sq., 61 streets and about 3,600 shops and also a touristic coffee-house. Istanbul is highly suitable for the development of "Cultural Tourism". In recent years, many cultural conferences of international character, were arranged in the town. Additional facilities are made for the development of "Congress Tourism".

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